SENTENCE COMPREHENSION AND PRODUCTION

Sentence Comprehension

Comprehension is two common senses. It refers to the mental processes by which listeners take  to express the sound to the speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think. It means the building of meaning from sounds.

For listeners, they put the interpretations that they built. By hearing some information, they  normally extract it and store to their  memory. And then when they hear some question, directly they search some information to answer that question. Then when they hear a request, they will certainly do it.

The Two Process

•   The construction process : It is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words

a.       Underlying Representations

b.      Constructing Interpretations

c.       Surface constituent

d.      Syntactic Approaches To The Construction Process

e.       Semantic Approaches To The Construction Process

• The utilization process : It is concerned with how listeners utilize an interpretation for further purposes-for registering new information, answering question, following order, registering promises, and the like.

SENTENCE PRODUCTION

As in the discussion about utterance production, the utterance is produced in three phases. There are conceptualization phase (planning of what will be said); formulation / grammatical encoding phase (giving categories to the mental lexicon) and articulation phase (the frame is formed to be a sound).

                 The study of  sentence production will discuss about where the pauses or tongue slips, the uttering process, sentence articulation, and then the mistakes that we have done when we say something.

1.      Pause and Tongue Slips

1. Pauses

•  Kind of pauses

— Silent pauses: speakers stop and they are silent. They continue after finding the appropriate words.

— Filled pauses: speaker pauses for a while to retrieve the appropriate words.

2.      Place of pauses

• grammatical pause
•       another constituent border and
•   before the first word in the constituent

3.      Errors

• Tongue slips is the words that produced are not the words meant. There are two kinds of tonggue slips, they are error of sellection and error of assembling.

1. Error of sellection : Error semantic selection type, Malapropism, and Blends
2.  Error of assembling : Transposition, Anticipation, and Perseveration

• Aphasia or strokeis a disease of speaking. People can not speak well because they have disease in their brain. It occurs because they got stroke. The half of their brain is flawed.
• Units in Tongue Slip :

a)      Error of Distinctive Feature

b)      Error of Phonetic Segment

c)      Error of Syllable

d)     Error of Word

•  Tip of the Tongue and Latah
• Tip of the tongueis the word that may not be remembered by the speakers : The number of syllable is always true,—  The beginning sound is also true, The final result of error is similar with the exactly word.
• Latahis when people get surprise, they spontaneously say some words :—  Exist in southeast Asian,—  The doers are almost women, The words that are said spontaneously and unconsciously often related to the sex,  Can only repeat the only one word
• The Uttering Processis the process of how make the utterance into the sound that will be comprehended by interlocutor :  Lemma,  The “bundle”,  In phonological encoding phase, Result of phonological encoding, The result of it is sent to the last phase that is articulation program.
•    Sentence Articulation

1.  Vocal cord, be ready for vibrating
2.   Tongue, adhere your tip to the alveolar and vibrate several times!
3. Vocal cord, together with the tongue vibrates, you vibrate!
4.  Uvula, adhere to the throat in order the air doesn’t go out through the nose. 

• How Errors Occuris due to the speed of utterance or due to other reasons, words or sentences can be uttered in error way.